Introduction
The rights of women, such a term usually referring to freedom of nature has
Women and girls of all ages who may be institutionalized, ignored or illegitimately
abolished by law, custom and practice in a given society. These freedoms are
summarized and differentiated from broader notions of human rights, because they
often from the freedoms inherently possessed by or recognized differently for men and boys,
and because activism around this issue requires an inherent historical and traditional
Prejudice against the rights of women.
are often associated with notions of women’s rights, but are not
Restricting the right: to bodily integrity and autonomy, to vote (universal suffrage), at
hold public office, to a fair wage or equal pay, property, education, work
serve in the army to close in legal contracts, and have family, relatives and
religious rights. Today, the women in most countries do not vote, property, work in many
different occupations, and the exercise of public office. These are some of the modern man
Woman. But women have not always allowed to do these things, as the
Experiences of most people throughout history. Women and their supporters
Employees and to win in some places continue to wage a long campaign for equal rights
modern humans and are considered equal in society.
Evolution of women’s rights in India
Women in ancient India
The situation of women has long been in all aspects of life and pathetic
Subjugation of women is an issue throughout history have been. She could not feel
independent and act as if, with some exceptions.
Women in the Vedic period enjoyed an equal status with men and independence in action.
Not only do they have a place of honor, but had the right to participate freely in social
Activities. They were allowed to pursue academic performance and family divided
Life with all his strength. They were free to choose their partner and engaged in freely
be legitimate in slavery.
The privileges that women enjoy in the Vedic period were short duration and location
Women began to fall out of the Vedic past. Post Vedic period saw
the emergence of Manusmrithi. The injunctions of Manu merged the individuality of the woman
with her husband and recommended sentences, stricter for women
Discipline for widows. While glorification of motherhood and women allow themselves freely
Financial management, he was a child of the marriage and polygamy. In
Dharma Shastra women are clearly identified with the Sudras. Even the Gita
Women away, and Sudras Vaisyas in the same category, and describe how
born in sin. Also, women live in abject misery. Women have failed
Right to equal opportunities in education and employment. The
inhumane system. Sati. was distributed as a binding custom. Widows are not only
prevented from remarrying, but they were not allowed after the death of her live
Husband. It is also the system Purdie, were the women had to cover her face
body with a dress and appear as if they in public. It was not only the deprivation
Women’s rights, but also the social ills plagued that the ancient Indian
Society. The other evils that affect women in ancient India were child marriage,
female infanticide, dowry system, etc.
During the British rule, many new rules have been abolished by law in certain social
Diseases have a direct impact on the rights of women. Many social reformers in
this period, worked hard, including Raja Ram Mohan Roy for the abolition of the system
Sati and to marry again in its place the rights of widows. More attention was
given opportunities to improve the lot of women, such as improving
Educational opportunities for women, etc.
After independence, the social evils like Sati system, child marriage, women
Infanticide, etc., that have been adversely away the rights of women. Other laws
was adopted to women with the same status as men in education and provide
Employment opportunities, have adopted laws to prevent discrimination
Women on the basis of sex. Indian Constitution also contains provisions for
to protect the rights of women. Reservations are made to increase the public sector
the proportion of women in the population and on an equal footing with the male population bring. The Indian
Penal Code also has strict measures adopted to address crimes against women. Penal
Sanctions have been made to crimes of rape, domestic violence address
against women, prostitution, etc. The law also provides for prohibition of dowry, a penalty
With the delivery and acceptance of dowry. Recently a law was passed that prevent harassment
Women in their workplaces.
The International Convention for the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Women
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
(CEDAW) adopted in 1979 by the General Assembly of the United Nations, is often described as
International Bill of Rights of Women. Consisting of a preamble and 30 articles, it defines
what constitutes discrimination against women and a national action plan
To end such discrimination.
The Convention sets out the discrimination against women as “… any distinction, exclusion
or restrictions based on sex affecting the purpose or effect or are based
nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status
Status on the basis of equality of men and women, human rights and fundamental freedoms
Fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. ”
With the adoption of the Convention, States commit themselves to undertake a series of
Measures to end discrimination against women in all its forms, including:
To incorporate the principle of equality between men and women in their legal abolish
to adopt all discriminatory laws and prohibits discrimination against
to provide women, courts and other public institutions to ensure the effective protection
Women against discrimination and to ensure the elimination of all discrimination
against women by persons, organizations or companies.
The Convention provides the basis for achieving equality between women and men
through the access of women to ensure equal access and equal opportunities in political and public
Life – including voting rights and eligibility – as well as education, health
and employment. States Parties undertake to take all appropriate measures, including taking
Legislation and temporary special measures, so that women can enjoy all their human rights
Human rights and fundamental freedoms.
The Convention is the only human rights treaty that affirms the reproductive rights of
Women and the culture and tradition as influential forces shaping gender roles and goal of
family relationships. It confirms the rights of women to acquire, change or retain their nationality
and the nationality of their children. States parties also agree to take appropriate measures,
against all forms of trafficking in women and exploitation of women.
Countries that have ratified or acceded to the Convention are legally bound by their
Provisions in practice. They are also required to submit national reports, at least
have taken all four years on measures to comply with its contractual obligations.
UN Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict
Mindful of the need for special protection for women and children are offered
the civilian population, solemnly proclaims this Declaration on the Protection of
Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict and calls for a strict
Compliance with the Declaration by all Member States:
1st Attacks and attacks on the civilian population, inflicting incalculable suffering,
especially women and children, the most vulnerable members of the ARE
Population, are prohibited, such acts must be condemned.
2nd The use of chemical and biological weapons in military operations
is one of the most blatant violations of the Geneva Protocol of 1925, the
Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the principles of international humanitarian law and
inflicted heavy casualties on the civilian population, including women and children vulnerable
and must be strongly condemned.
3rd All States must fully respect their obligations under the Geneva Protocol of 1925 and
the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and other instruments of international law
in relation to human rights in armed conflicts, which offer important guarantees of respect
for the protection of women and children.
4th All efforts must be of the states involved in armed conflicts, military operations carried out in
in foreign territories or military operations in the territories still under colonial domination
Spare women and children from the ravages of war. All necessary measures must be taken
to ensure the prohibition of measures such as persecution, torture, punitive measures
degrading treatment and violence, particularly against that part of the civilian population
consisting of women and children.
5th All forms of repression and cruel and inhuman treatment of women and children,
including imprisonment, torture, executions, mass arrests, collective punishment,
Destruction of homes and forced evacuation of the belligerent parties in the context of committed
his military operations or in occupied territories is a criminal.
6th Women and children from the civilian population and are
Emergencies and armed conflicts in the struggle for peace, self-
national liberation and independence, or who live in the occupied territories,
should not the protection, food, medical care or other inalienable rights are denied in
Accordance with the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Declaration of the Rights of the Child or other
Instruments of international law.
United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women
The statement is available primarily on the protection of women against torture. For purposes of this
Explanation of the term “violence against women” means any act of violence against women
leading or likely to cause physical, sexual or psychological suffering
Women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty,
whether in public or in private life.
Article 2
Violence against women is understood to include, but are not limited to,
Following:
(Physics), sexual and psychological violence in the family, including
Abuse, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry violence,
Marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women,
Non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation;
(B) Physical, sexual and psychological violence in the General Assembly,
Community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in
Educational institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in women and forced prostitution;
(C) Physical, sexual and psychological violence perpetrated or condoned by the State,
wherever it occurs.
The declaration aims to make the world a safer place for women and to enjoy
their rights freely.
ACLU Women Rights Project
Since 1972, the ACLU has worked for Women’s Rights Project and Empowerment of Women
Advance equality. Many people before and since have contributed to our efforts.
The Women’s Rights Project focuses on four key areas:
Employment
WRP advocates on behalf of low-wage immigrant workers women to eliminate the
Differences in wealth, and attempts to end discrimination in the workplace.
Violence against women
WRP is the promotion of civil rights committed abused women, support women in their
Efforts to keep themselves and their children safe, and challenging housing and
Discrimination in the employment of so many abused women, particularly women with low incomes and face paint.
Criminal justice
WRP covers the night for women and girls in the Penal Code and juvenile prisoners
Justice, including their conditions of detention and the impact of sentencing
and the politics of imprisonment on women and their children.
Education
WRP is dedicated to ensuring that public schools are not differentiated by sex and
Girls and boys receive equal educational opportunities.
The legislation in India for the protection of women
Women main specific laws in India are as follows:
The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 – to the immoral Traffic Act
Prevention of immoral activities with women. It provides penalties for women
Traffic on the business of prostitution, with a brothel, etc.
Role of media in protecting the rights of women
The media play an important role in the training of women in the community
of their inherent rights, of which they were deprived of several centuries. The media
the role of savior to protect those in power and to improve the rights of women
assumed. Media through its visual design should spread the abject and miserable
Life and the lives of women in rural India. Other documentation and scripts
Design rights are distributed Women.s through the visual media. The media play an
important role in coordinating the activities of social workers, play an important role
In an attempt to establish the rights Women.s. The print media meant by various magazines
exclusively for women have a place in this world dominated by men. Media has some
Forums specifically for the promotion and advancement of the interests of women folk.
can shake through its various media agencies, and his voice against any intrusion
Rights of women. In crimes against women in the modern era were also very
proliferates, the media are an active tool to express cons of such actions and to make these illegal
Acts in the eyes of the authorities concerned and therefore the question of how to hold a Hot Spot
This requires urgent attention. Media also acts as an effective tool to educate people
perpetrated against the commission of such heinous acts against the community of women and thus
Preservation of their purity and holiness. Also a range of media and debate
Conversations support legislators in identifying new areas of the adoption of laws for the
Protection of women.
The negative impact of media on women’s rights
The media has both positive and negative effects on the rights of women. The media
was a cause of increasing violations of the right to privacy of a woman. Media
by the publication of obscene and visual presentations have lowered the dignity
Women in modern society. Modern films tend to glorify violence and other
infusing these ideas into the minds of youth. The media played an important role in the
Promotion and dissemination of pornographic material, which in turn
Trafficking, trafficking in the flesh, etc. Media one of the cornerstones of the development of life
new generation, like the majority of the modern generation, they stuck around. Media by
Films and publications tend to significantly disrupt the minds of people without
their knowledge and awareness. Therefore, it must be strict testing and inspection
Content, the broadcast and published in the media. This approach opens
the way for the development of media laws.
Media laws and their development in India
In India, the press is free, but is subject to reasonable restrictions imposed by the
Constitution of India, 1950, as amended (“Constitution”). Before the effects of
Globalization has been estimated in the mass media was completely controlled by the government, which
The media project, what the public wanted to see the government, and one way
He wanted to see the public. But with the advent of globalization and
Privatization has been through the situation a big change.
Before the invention of communication satellites, was primarily in the communications
To the national media, public and private, in India and abroad. Then came
“Transnational Media with the progress of communication technologies such as satellite
Shipping and ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), is the result of local television, World
Movies and global information systems.
to be imposed in such a age of Rising Media, it is an absolute need for certain legal
Controls and limits the transmission and communication. In the normal course of this article
We discuss various aspects of media and legal controls and limits
govern them.
Historical perspective of the laws on mass media
Mass media laws in India have a long history and are deeply rooted in the country.s
colonial experience under British rule. The first control measure can be traced
Back to 1799, when Lord Wellesley has promulgated the Regulations on the press, which had
Effect of the introduction of censorship on the publishing industry newspaper infant. Beginning
1835 saw the promulgation of the law press, which caused most of the repression
Characteristics of recent legislation on the subject.
Then 18th June 1857 the government adopted the. Gagging Act., Under the
various other things, introduced compulsory licensing of the ownership or operation of
Presses, authorizes the government to ban the publication or dissemination of
a newspaper, book or other printed materials, and prohibits the publication or
Dissemination of statements or messages, which tend to cause an uproar
against the government and weakens his authority.
Then the. Press and Registration of Books Act. in 1867 and continued
remain in force until today. The Governor-General Lord Lytton promulgated. Dialect
Press Act. 1878 allowed the government take action against the publication
as seditious and tougher penalties on printers and publishers
which can not adapt. In 1908 Lord Minto has announced newspapers. (Incitement
1908 on Offences) Act, local authorities empowered to take action against the editor
a newspaper published that question is no incitement to rebellion.
However, it was the most important day in the history of media regulation 26
January 1950. Day of the Constitution came into force. The Colonial
Indian experience made her realize the importance of. Freedom
Press .. This freedom has been included in the Constitution to authorize the
Press the knowledge of the masses and the Constituent Assembly and to disseminate
decided to save it. Freedom of the press. as a fundamental right. Although the Indian
Constitution does not expressly mention freedom of the press, it is clear that
Press freedom is the freedom of expression under Article 19 was added
(1) (a). It is interesting that this freedom is not absolute, but
qualified by certain clearly defined limitations under Article 19 (2) in the interests of
Public.
It is necessary to mention here that this freedom under Article 19 (1) (a) is not only
taken in close to newspapers and magazines, but also brochures,
Pamphlets, brochures, flyers and all kinds of publication, that a vehicle has
Information and freedom of expression
Thus, although the freedom of the press is guaranteed as a fundamental right, it is
requires that we deal with the various different areas of the media laws
the immensity of the media to appreciate laws.
Regulations in the press
The freedom of the press and freedom of expression can be considered as a basis
a democratic form of government. Every company is in the legal systems of the participating
the nation state and the community in which it operates. Newspaper publishers are
even more. crowded, do so by legal restrictions than many other companies.
despite the fact that the freedom of the press protected by the Constitution of India. The
Various laws that must be considered when
Regulations imposed on the press, are:
_ The Press and Registration of Books, 1867. This law regulates Druckmaschinen
Newspapers and to make registration mandatory with a specific authority for all
Presses.
_ _The In press (Questions reprehensible) Act, 1951. The text provides the disadvantages
objectionable printing and publication of incitement to crime and other issues.
_ _The Journal (Price and Page) Act, 1956. The Act empowers the Centre
Government to regulate the price of newspapers on the number of pages and
Size and controls the allocation of sites for advertising.
Broadcasting Regulations
The media was under the government of India absolute monopoly. Private
Organizations have been involved in advertising and commercial sponsorship
Programs. However, State Secretary in the Ministry of I & B v. CAB has one, the Supreme Court made clear
the above approach differs from monopolistic and stressed that each
Citizen has the right of broadcasting and broadcasting services to viewers / listeners an important event
electronic media, television or radio, and on condition that the government
no monopoly on electronic media such as monopoly, as the government
was not anywhere in the Constitution or any law in force in those
Countries.
The verdict, the judge a great change in the situation, caused in the
Media, and this sector has been opened to the public.
1 (1995) SCC 2161
Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 regulates the operation of essential
Cable TV in the territory of India and regulates the prices of subscriptions and the total
Number of subscribers to receive programs transmitted in the basic rules. In
Application CATV Network (Regulation) (Amendment) Bill, 2002,
Central government, it can transmit mandatory for every cable operator or
Repetition of the program from a pay channel through an addressable system, and
Central Government advice. This communication may include the number of steps to
Channels appear in the package of channels forming basic service animals be included
Film. India is one of the largest producers of motion pictures worldwide.
With its three main areas of activity. Production, distribution and exhibition,
Industry has spread all over India, employs thousands of people and Entertainment
Million per year. The various laws relating to the formulation and selection of
Movies are: -
Cinematographic Act 1952nd The Film Act 1952 was passed to
Arrangements for the certification of films for exhibition by cinematographed
Film. renamed The Law, a film censorship board (ZK
Film Certification) with advisory groups in the regional centers is empowered to consider
all the films and the penalty for either full or limited exposure to the exposure
Adults. The Council is also authorized to sanction, refuse a film for public exhibition.
In KA Abbas v. Union of India, the petitioner for the first time the validity of the
Censorship as a violation of the fundamental right of speech and freedom of expression. The Supreme Court
Court noted, however, was that prior censorship of films under the Act
justified under Article 19 (2) on the ground that the films must be treated separately
other forms of art and expression as a movie managed to evoke emotions
deeper and thus the classification of films between the two groups. A. (For Adults)
and. U. (was made for all) about2.
2 AIR 1971 SC 481
Ad
Advertising is a blend of art and facts subservient to ethical principles. In
Consumers may be linked to match advertisements to the truth and ethical. It
the consumer should not be misled. If it is, the loss of credibility.
To enforce a code of conduct for the advertising Standards Council of India
have been identified. Inspired by a similar code of the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) of the United Kingdom
ASCI is the following basic guidelines to achieve the acceptance of the fair
Advertising practices in the interest of consumers: -
• To ensure the accuracy and honesty of representations and requests from
Advertising and safe protection against misleading advertising;
· To ensure that advertising is not offensive to generally accepted standards of public
Decency
• To protect against the indiscriminate use of advertising to promote products
as dangerous to society or individuals to a certain degree, or a guy apply
unacceptable to society as a whole, and
• ensure that the advertising to be fair to observe in competition so that consumers
need to be informed about the choices in the market places and generally accepted canons
anti-competitive behavior are both served.
Media laws and its relationship with the Women’s Rights
Media Act is to ensure its applicability and the preservation of the rights of women.
Media has been in terms of its participation in publishing and broadcasting by regulated
Adoption of laws on the media. These laws have a direct impetus for the protection of Women.s
Rights. Media through their texts of the laws on the press is not the
Press exercising absolute power before. Media laws to protect Women.s
right to publish the press to prevent articles and reviews that will
detrimental to the interests of women folk and the violation of their privacy.
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