As a scientist, data gathering chimpanzees closer to humans. They are sensitive to communicate conscious beings with strong cognitive skills and a proven ability to reason, adapt to express emotions, and even to manipulate and deceive. identical with the genetic material of 98.5% with that of humans, chimpanzees are closer to humans than to gorillas. Therefore, there are serious ethical implications in terms of captive chimpanzees and their use in laboratory experiments. Below is a careful examination of the chimpanzee:
Chimpanzees live in regions consisting of 21 African countries, grasslands, savannas and dry tropical forests belong. They often live in communities ranging from 20 to 100 members. Two species of chimpanzees available – the common chimpanzee (the four sub-species) and the bonobo (also known as the chimp “pygmies” is known) on the former diet of fruit and meat to feed the latter only on fruit. Their average lifespan is between 40-50 years. Chimpanzees are currently listed as endangered, mainly because of deforestation and poaching.
I. Brain size / structure / Nervous System:
The chimps have a brain and nervous system similar to that of a man. They learn quickly, have the ability to produce creative responses, expressing feelings (through sounds, gestures and facial expressions), the influence of their surroundings, and share the same qualitative experience of pain in spite of a cerebral cortex, which is about one third the size that in humans.
The chimpanzee brain weighs an average of 437 g to 1.3 kg for the average man. When comparing the size of the brain to body size – the encephalization quotient (EQ), records an average of 2.49 brain of the chimpanzee (third in 7.44 and 5.31 of the average EQ humans and dolphins, rhesus monkeys in fourth place with 2.09). This indicates a high level of cognitive ability.
Humans and chimpanzees are involved in sleep. This includes the phases of the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep and shows the two are likely to dream in the situation.
II Social Context:
Chimpanzees are extremely social, show compatible with humans, other apes, dolphins and other creatures with a high degree of intelligence.
They spend equal time on land and in the trees (where they build nests to sleep, although some chimps in the savannas in southern Senegal Fongoli spend much time in caves) and move from one area to forage. Even if a typical community can count to 100, the chimpanzees often spend time in small parties, mothers and their dependent children, but refuse to separate. Each family of chimpanzees (in which people have strong bonds) is of an alpha male or alpha (led bonobos, but are run by women) that leads to hunting, territorial protection, and war. Each community is hierarchical in nature, to win respect in which the strength and intelligence received. Women have sex only move freely between communities.
Chimpanzees prefer to enjoy the benefits of sharing with a companion. A study by Alicia Melis on Ngamba Iceland Sanctuary documented chimpanzees in Uganda carried out in altruism “in building” the people of Helen Briggs (BBC News, March 3, 2006) found that chimpanzees recognize and appreciate the importance of cooperation. If the cooperation is required an experiment that required the simultaneous train at both ends of a rope for a tray, the chimpanzees always be the partner that is in relation Melis a level of understanding [as seen in selected] man. ”
In chimpanzee communities maintain their complex social networks, where contact, grooming (which creates a calm and strengthen friendships), embraced aspects important in maintaining cohesion. The game is also an important part of the life of a chimpanzee, especially men, when they are young.
Chimpanzees are among the few ways to teach the skills and youth culture (that is between the different communities of women in the transmission transfer between the groups). Young chimpanzees 6-8 years (taught primarily by their mothers) spend much time learning social skills, community culture and manufacture of tools by observation, imitation and repetitive practice. At the same time, studies show that doing by recent studies that humans and apes have common characteristics – and she (Anne Casselman Smithsonian.com October 11, 2007) show that “the rights of the children imitate others treat more complex skills … solution to a problem, non-verbal communication and reading the intentions of [the other]. ”
Pregnancy usually lasts eight months chimpanzees. Young chimpanzees are weaned by their mother for three years and reach puberty without three years later. For chimpanzees, it takes three years of puberty.
When it comes to treating their dead, to see chimpanzees often frequent visits and grief over the dead body. Then cover it with leaves and branches before.
III. Multi-modal Sensory Perception:
Chimpanzees and humans use the five senses (seeing, hearing, smell around, taste and touch) perceiving the world around them. Sight and smell, two critically chimpanzees use discussed below.
Morphological and anatomical structure of the eye of a chimpanzee is similar to that of humans. Likewise, their vision is also similar. Consequently, unlike most non-primate mammals that dicromats (color vision is based on two colors), primates (including chimpanzees and humans), are trichromatic. If their retinal nerve capture light, uses her brain three fixed wavelengths / colors to create a richer and more colorful. As a result of their eye structure similar morphological and anatomical visual processing, chimpanzees, certain shortcomings that affected the people (like Lucky, a male chimpanzee in Japan suffers from color blindness).
Chimpanzees have an excellent sense of smell, which plays a crucial role in their social interactions. In addition to face detection, chimpanzees use smell to identify each other and improve their understanding of the different mood than any emits an unmistakable smell of pheromones, which can be found in the feces is based, urine and glandular secretions.
Apart from sight and smell of the count, chimps also on the ear (with a similar hearing range than humans) and to a lesser extent, touch and taste. It should be noted that chimpanzees, like people, if they choose to prefer sweets.
Pattern IV:
Studies have shown, chimpanzees, like humans are susceptible to concave deformation (important for the construction of objects in three dimensions), the convex deformation. ” They also took the forms and mental processes of two-dimensional objects the same way as in humans [1].
On the basis of this similarity and the structure of the eye and the visual processing abilities, it is likely, chimpanzees can play simple and complex shapes. More research needs to be done in this area.
V. Mirror self (MSR):
The possibility of the sensitivity / awareness of itself (think of itself in the physical and psychological properties), shows a more complex level of abstract thinking, which in rare animals. Chimpanzees have this self-consciousness and are capable of symbolic thinking.
Studies have shown, chimpanzees can recognize themselves in the mirror and recognize their own behavior and the body. When tested for MSR, chimpanzees have shown that selective attention (they can pay attention to themselves in a mirror, need to know that they themselves, instead of another animal). When the chimps were marked with non-toxic odorless red dye on his eyebrows and ears, they went into a mirror and carefully examined the marks on her body. Scientific evidence shows that chimpanzees and other apes have to some extent, have the “theory of other minds” in which individuals recognize their own faith. It is also likely that the chimpanzees and dolphins people can recognize the difference between reality and television.
VI. Language / communication and emotion:
Although chimpanzees do not have vocal cords to speak honking and the ability to make a sound for each subject as people, they communicate by sounds (eg barking, screaming, etc.), facial expressions (which require great attention to detail or the display of more than one aspect of a facial expression, so that the subtleties of meaning that are not always clear and correctly interpreted), body posture and gestures (with the hands, feet and legs). Although the majority of chimpanzees are sounds associated with certain emotions, some may be associated with more emotion. In addition, each chimpanzee, for purposes of identification, one has its own separate calls compatible with humans and dolphins, which have their own distinctive voices and noises, respectively.
Chimpanzees use intentional communication to meet individual and collective needs and to communicate their feelings, which are an essential part of their social behavior. Some communication behaviors are passed from generation to generation.
A brief summary of the emotions of several chimpanzees and the associated noise are listed below:
1st Anger: WAA (bark)
2nd Distress: Hoo
3rd The enjoyment of physical contact: Lip Smack
4th The enjoyment of food: Aah
5th Fun / Voltage: Pant (Hue)
6th Fear: Wraa or Pant (Bark)
7th Hostility: Screaming
A brief summary of the emotions of the chimpanzee and its expression is also under:
1st Aggression: Showing teeth in open mouth wide with erect hairs facial
2nd Fear, worry, there are the teeth with his lips pulled back horizontal
3rd Intense fear: grin full opening
4th Playful slightly open mouth in a relaxed position
5th Pout / Begging: lips pursed as if he offers a kiss
6th Joined: Horizontal pleated lips
Chimpanzees communicate “what” “where” and “who”, but the past or the future. Its message is based on the current presence. But by Deborah Fouts, co-director of the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute reported by Brandon Keim, Chimps: no man, but they are very much? (Wired Science, October 14, 2008), “you remember to not understand the past [and] the concept that happen later.”
Chimpanzees are also capable of understanding the American Sign Language (ASL gestures), and can learn associations between symbols, sounds and objects without specific reinforcement or direct intervention. In the early 1970s, Washoe, a chimpanzee who learned followed by four other chimpanzees 100 + characters. Currently, Washoe using up to 240 characters and even learned an adopted son ASL without human intervention.
Another female chimp, Lucy, has even admitted that the order of words a difference when his coach to tickle him a character, rather than to tickle makes the request. However, it is unlikely that chimpanzees can use virtual reality sounds and symbols conceptualize as people.
But by Valerie A. Kuhlmeier and Sarah T. Boysen, chimpanzee territory and recognize correspondences between an object model and its referent (Psychological Science, Volume 13, Number 1, March 19, 2002), chimpanzees, like children, are vulnerable to object both relational and spatial correspondences between a model and its referent (a person or thing. to which a linguistic expression (eg word, symbol) refers)
Face recognition is another important element of communication. After humans, chimpanzees are the recognition of a special kind, mild face, the faces of chimpanzees than other types to be distinguished. However, children, the significant exposure of chimpanzees to human faces provide better distinction between human faces. By Julie Martin Malivel and Kazunori Okada in human and chimpanzee face recognition in chimpanzees: the role of exposure and impact on categorical perception (Science, American Psychological Association, December 2007) “The exposure is a determining factor in the recognition of faces and nonconspecific conspecifics. In addition, the development of face recognition in infant chimpanzees (Masako Myowa-Yamakoshi, and. al. Science Direct. December 20, 2005) Baby chimpanzees by human newborns prefer to models of the face trial in comparison to non-face patterns as they develop in their early days.
Chimpanzees are mostly loving nature, the feelings towards their own and other species. They show interest for the sick or injured members, mourn the dead (to the point that a healthy young man died of a broken heart, a few weeks after the death of his mother), the excitement and joy shown during playback, as well as fear and terror. After humans, chimpanzees have emotions for a short duration and the mood that last longer may take. In addition, studies show baby chimps have the same emotional range as human babies, but a better self-control when it comes to uncontrollable weeping. Chimpanzees do not seem human emotions is not even possess.
VII Memory:
Chimpanzees have excellent memory systems. You can remember faces, numbers and symbols, and learn specific behaviors that may lead either side effects or reward.
According to the humans, chimpanzees retain a better memory of events that cause emotions than those who are neutral.
Chimpanzees also have exceptional spatial memory, which can of chimpanzees mental map of fruit trees (Matt Walker BBC News, 6 August 2009) they remember the exact location of “One Tree among more than 12,000 others in a wooded area.” For forest chimpanzees remember me the place of the many fruit trees (Emmanuelle Normant, Simone DAGUIA Ban, and Christophe Boesch, Animal Cognition, 31 May 2009), for example, spatial memory allowed “to remind chimpanzees [], the location of many resources and use this information to the best resources to choose. ”
In addition, chimpanzees also plans (debunking earlier view that only humans are capable of such future planning). Since 1997, Santino, a male chimpanzee in a zoo in the north of Stockholm, Sweden, while peace has repeatedly created stockpiles of stones to throw at the audience for a display dominance future. “More impressively, he even found a way to recognize and break the small pieces of concrete in his cabin, to add its cache.
VIII tools and problem solving:
Chimpanzees and other apes are effective tools for users of oil (eg savanna Fongoli chimps use spears to hunt and kill the lemur (nocturnal primates) using chimpanzee Congo a toolkit consists of thin “brush” sticks and knives to fish “termites to break the big clubs and open the hives to the honey, Nimba mountains (Guinea) chimpanzees achieve chopping wood, wedges and stabilizing stone anvils breaking open the fruit and chop Treculia; use all crumpled leaves as sponges to soak up water from tree holes) . In fact, they used to use tools for over 4300 years on the basis of a discovery of stone tools (the same size and weight of tools by chimps today) to crack nuts (bound species used by modern chimpanzees) in the Tai National Park, Côte d’Ivoire. In addition, chimpanzees is ill or injured often Herbs trust as a medicinal and / or lessen their pain and suffering.
Analogous to the use of tools can also reason chimpanzees and problems to solve. The use of abstract ideas, she, like people solve problems, without training (eg retrieval of bananas, which are beyond the reach of logic committed intentionally).
When it comes to mathematics, specifically remember the numbers surpassed young chimpanzees college students (if the number remained on the screen for one came in second for.4 versus.7 when both made comparable) and a master of the British Case, Ben Pridmore . Based on I am the champion! Ape beat the best in the world of man in the competition memory (Fiona Macrae, Mail Online, January 26, 2008), Amyumu was 7 years old male chimpanzee in Japan carried out three times and if he Pridmore s’ actions highlight the positions of the figures on a computer screen.
IX. Arts and Culture:
When given the appropriate tools (eg, color, brush and canvas) chimpanzees have the talent for exceptional artists whose abstract paintings rival the master. Congo (1954-1964), a male chimpanzee painted more than 400 abstracts from the age of 2-4 years, after he picked up a pencil and draw a line without the urging of the man. generated at an auction in 2005, three paintings by Congo to £ 14,400 in a picture of Andy Warhol (1928-1987) and a small sculpture by French master Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) has enough interest and have been removed [ Since the Congo, chimpanzees and other meetings followed, which works just as impressive (such as a chimpanzee, Melody, creates images that sell for $ 1,000 for individuals and $ 7,500 for three triptychs and a significant male chimpanzees years, Asuka, has 90 paintings, some of which have been exhibited in galleries in Tokyo, is created).
Chimpanzees have an innate ability to recognize and appreciate music. Based on scientific studies on infant nutrition chimpanzees (reported by the BBC on July 30, 2009), they, as people prefer consonant to dissonant music. Furthermore, also when music was played to the spirits of chimpanzees in the zoo in Mysore in southern India, which had already been carried out in a circus increase, dance has been observed.
Chimpanzees also have preferences for television. By Kate Baker, coordinator of the Yerkes Regional Primate Center enrichment, Atlanta, GA, as reported Lab Chimps Face Hazy Future needed (David Berreby, The New York Times, February 4, 1997), they benefit from National Geographic shows, programs on chimpanzees and the use of tools and shows to argue with people.
Altruism X. / Moral:
Chimpanzees and other apes have a sense of morality and fairness, in spite of the barbaric acts during the fight. Monkeys and apes between right and wrong, say scientists (Daily Mail Report, February 15, 2009), they offer “selfless help and empathy with animals colleagues in times of [the disorder and] appear to be even aware of and the capacity to sense of obligation felt. “In line with this empathy and altruism, mirror female chimpanzees of human behavior, play a key role in the mediation of conflict, if resolved, the two male combatants can not, their differences, engage women frequently and remove stones in their to strengthen the hands – like their community for the division and discord to the weakness and vulnerability.
From Emory University, Atlanta, GA studies, chimpanzees also expect equal pay for fulfilling the same tasks (she pouted and refused to continue, while the others received other awards) to participate, the sign of a sense of justice and fairness. In addition, they were often willing to help others (including people), even if there is no reward.
If a chimpanzee is different from the social code of conduct of the Community, he is jointly organized by the group (as of a group of chimpanzees in the zoo Arnhem shown in the Netherlands that chimpanzees punished, anyone who showed up in late for dinner, as no food, until all were present).
In addition, as with humans, chimpanzees do not remember who they favor (eg maintenance), and does them wrong. They tend to share the food with the old. At the same time have chimpanzees the ability to forgive, as described in a passage from the Book of Frans de Waal, Peacemaking among Primates (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990) – Nikki, the group’s leader, Hennie proposed a charge during transport. Hennie, a girl of nine years, of a sense, everything by hand up the back of the neck, where Nikkie taken. Then, forget about the incident seems, it lies in the grass and stared into the distance. About 15 minutes later Hennie rises slowly and goes straight to a group that includes Nikkie … [And] Nikkie approaches with a series of soft grunts pants. Then she reaches out her arms to offer Nikkie the back of the hand to kiss. Nikkie kiss is to take the whole hand rather unceremoniously Hennie in his mouth. This contact is followed by a kiss from mouth to mouth. ”
In addition, chimpanzees have the capacity for altruistic acts, even though most cases in which actively help to another is to carry out limited. Examples are:
1st When Knuckles was in 1999 with cerebral palsy, a debilitating condition (5.000 to 10.000, the babies a year are suffering in the U.S.), born as the mobility decreases (before treatment, he would sit up and only eat food), from other chimpanzees was housed in the Center for Great Apes, Wauchula, FL, a sanctuary for orangutans and chimpanzees introduced, they were aware of his condition. You have to treat him always with kindness and courtesy (for example, spend time to sit with him to play with him, and grooming).
2nd By Scientist Finds the Beginnings of Morality in Primate Behavior by Nicholas Wade (The New York Times, March 20, 2007), “chimpanzees can not swim tried in zoo moats to save others, drowned” and often “console the loser “after a fight between two fighters.
3rd A study by Felix Warneken and his colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig conducted, 27 in Germany June 2007 in the journal New Scientist (Chimps may display genuine altruism Nora Schultz) found that 67% of chimpanzees in parole altruistic helping a stranger struggled to reach a floor, was unrewarded even when they climb on a rope to 2 ½ m had to. In addition, a further group of chimpanzees to learn does release a string and open a door, always for chimpanzees that they do not know when she tries to open the door without success.
4th A study by Japanese researchers of the Institute of Kyoto University Primate Research (Kyoto, Japan) was in National Geographic (published Chimps display humanlike Goodwill October 19, 2009) states that chimpanzees trained, considers himself to use straws (drinking juice), the were out of reach to retrieve their training to other uses that are not to 75% of the time, when the chimpanzees were trained to help them do not know, seems to ask for help.
XI. War
In line with the behavior of humans, chimpanzees (with the exception of bonobos) are strongly territorial and are in a war to fight against similar primitive prehistoric man. Although chimpanzees stones or use their hands and feet in the first battle, then the day of use of spears and other weapons not lag behind crude oil far. Sometimes isolated chimpanzee also showed the same trends as the human hatred, rape, torture, mutilation and genocide documented (two cases) certified.
The longest war Chimp – War of the Gombe (1974-1977), which, if the community Kasekela into two groups (with the new group have emerged divided, Community Kahama move into a new valley in 1972) and was completed in the genocide by Jane Goodall in Gombe chimpanzees were (Belknap Press, 1986) documented. In 1974, a group of men Kasekela and advanced into the territory of Kahama. Once there, they started the aggression against violent chimpanzees Kahama to kill with the intention of blows not cease until their victims were fatally wounded and disabled completely. During the attack, which lasted into 1977, males displayed Kasekela “considerable excitement and joy,” as it is actively capture and kill their victims (who were mutilated and eaten or partially eaten cannibalistic). The war ended in Gombe, when the community was taken over completely Kahama and their country on the Community Kasekela eradicated.
Ready for war? (World Scientific, February 2005), in August 1998 Researchers in Uganda observed [] to play a group of male chimpanzees and to conquer another male chimpanzees freshly killed body. Your windpipe, nails [] nail, and the testes were torn. “Monkeys from the war … it’s in our genes? Chimpanzee death “[] are also 30 or 40 bites and lacerations [with its beautiful coastline exceeds] the chest. Injuries to the deceased,” it is clear that some men were depressed, while the other attacked. ”
In general, if chimpanzees crept engage in a war, a group of men in the territory of the Community and a different look for single men or older women (and sometimes their age) in the attack. According to hunting and gathering rights (including the war is endemic, and 64% engage in the fight against every two years by the Great Apes of war … it’s in our genes?) Chimpanzees are often fighting for resources like food and women – often the exploitation and plundering captured territory. Ironically, human activities such as logging, as reported, 13 May 1997 issue of The New York Times also contributed to wars of chimpanzees and their habitats are remote communities forced to retreat to the territory of the other communities.
XII. The laboratory research and the ethical implications:
With conclusive evidence that chimpanzees and other apes sentient beings (which are to improve the adaptability and survival) with human characteristics (such as emotional stress and anxiety), as the system nervous system (which will allow them the same pain and suffering qualitative experience) and more than 90% identical genetic code, the ethical considerations dictate that the research laboratory that should force the unwilling subjects Banned From used especially as these brought little or no tangible benefits.
A review of 749 published experiments on chimpanzees over a period of ten years from 1995 to 2004, said in the experiments of chimpanzees in biomedical progress questionable contributions by Andrew Knight (AATEX, 6th World Congress on Alternatives and the use of animals in the Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan, 21-25 August 2007) showed that only 14.7% of these tests used and developed methods to fight against human diseases “and especially” No chimpanzee study made a significant contribution, or most cases a significant contribution of any kind ”
For non-human primates in medical research: Sensible or dispensed by Jarrod Bailey, Ph.D. (September 2006), “all areas of human primates [(NPH)] research provides evidence against its benefits” under on the basis of the evidence:
1st NHPs do not develop AIDS when infected with HIV, not the experimental results can be extrapolated to the prisoners [and] none of the vaccines NHP successful testing in humans despite billion [dollar expenditure].
2nd NHP experiments have failed to contribute to [understand] hepatitis (HPV) to produce [vaccines] and close liver cell damage.
3rd NHP models have failed to inform us about [Alzheimer's disease, because they do not] Alzheimer’s disease.
4th fundamental differences in the symptoms and pathology of Parkinson’s disease between humans and NHPs.
5th Of about 150 drugs for the attack proved to be effective in animals (often NHPs), has also not help people succeed.
6th Hormone replacement therapy found to be effective against heart disease and stroke in NHPs the risk has increased in humans.
7th There are clear differences in viral infections and diseases in humans and NHPs.
8th Gene expression when it comes to diseases (eg, 20 of 333 genes involved in human cancer different in the NSP) is to be found in different shared only 20% of the proteins between humans and NHPs.
Although research on chimpanzees and other apes is banned in many countries, it is always done in the United States, Act, despite the protective measures in the context of improving the health of chimpanzees, Maintenance and Protection.